Shiksha श्री

Chapter – 1 History  What, Where, How and When   * History: History is a chronological account of events as they took place in the past. * Why we should study History? (i) It tells us about our past.  (ii) It gives us understanding about our ancient culture and lifestyle.  (iii) It helps us to solve the problems of the present day.  * Chronology of History:- (1) Historians use chronological sequence for a better understanding.  Birth of Jesus  Christ has been taken as year zero.  (2) Any event before Christ is called Before Christ (BC) and any event after the birth of  Jesus is called Anno Domini(AD).  (3) Timeline of history is divided into three stages – prehistory, protohistory and  history.  * Where did people live:- (i) People lived near river valleys. This was because rivers provided water for all  purposes.  (ii) Traces of life were found near Sulaiman and Kirtar hills in North West.  (iii) Traces of life ...

The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus River valley from around 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.  Located in present-day Pakistan and northwest India, the civilization was one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, with well-planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.  The Indus Valley Civilization had a sophisticated system of writing, which has yet to be fully deciphered, and was known for its advanced technology, including indoor plumbing and sewage systems.  The people of this civilization were skilled in metallurgy, pottery-making, and crafting of various types of jewelry. They also engaged in trade with other regions, as evidenced by artifacts found in Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf. Despite their advancements, the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization remains a mystery, with theories ranging from climate change to invasions by outside forces.  सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता । सिंधु ...